人教英语八年级上册词组,语法急

人教英语八年级上册词组,语法急
人教英语八年级上册词组,语法
急

人教英语八年级上册词组,语法急
） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词.
2） 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）.
说明：有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会. （having是实义动词.）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约.
（has是助动词.）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）,缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi..
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英语动词是句子的核心.它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构.难怪有人说,英语是动词和介词的语言.可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的.
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题.动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：
a．主要用作及物动词.及物动词后面必须跟宾语.可以用于："主＋谓＋宾"；"主＋谓＋双宾"；"主＋谓＋宾＋宾补"结构.如：
He reached paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.
b．主要用作不及物的动词.不及物动词后面不跟宾语.只能用与："主＋谓"结构.
This is the room where I once lived.
类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.
c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变.如begin 都是作"开始"讲.everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.
d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同.
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义.如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散".we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起".
He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅
ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言）
hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作
(二、) 辨别表动作与表结果的动词
表动作的动词强调动作的发生,不涉及该动词的结果.如：
He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .
前一句中的动词强调"看"这一动作；而后一句中的动词表示"看到"这一结果.类似的还有：tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等.
(三、) 记住瞬间动词
英语中不少动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成．如：
He arrived in paris yesterday.
而另一些动词所表示的动作则可以延续．如：
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.
特别是在现在完成时态的句子中,瞬间动词的完成时态不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语连用.瞬间动词有：arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize.等.
(四、) 掌握好表状态的连系动词与表变化的连系动词
英语中的连系动词主要分为两大类：
a．表状态的连系动词.如：he is a good worker. 除了be 而外,还有：stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own.等.
b．另一类连系动词表示动作或变化,是由行为动词转化而来的.一般在这些连系动词后跟形容词作表语如：his hair grows grey. 这类连系动词还有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound, look, feel, get...等.
(五、) 注意词义相近,用法不同的动词
a．表主观与客观的动词
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.
该句中,动词receive, accept 都表示"接受"但前者表示客观地接收到什么东西；后者表示 "I" 的主观意愿.类似用法的动词还有：listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等.
b．表直接与间接的动词
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.
He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.
前句中hear的表示直接听说的,而后一句中hear of 的表示间接听说的.类似用法的动词还有：know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等.
(六、) 重视多字动词的用法
所谓多字动词是指动词与某些副词、介词构成的动词词组.一般有四种形式：
a．"动词+介词"结构. 该结构中的动词是不及物动词,当和一些介词搭配后,则把它看成一个整体,即把它看成一个及物动词.如：
We never thought of such success when we first started.
类似用法的还有：agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...
b．"动词+副词"结构.该结构中的动词是及物动词的,该结构及物；是不及物的,则不及物.如：
We put off the sports meet.
After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.
类似用法的还有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up.
在这类结构中,必须注意有的多字动词即及物又可不及物.有的甚至汉语意义也完全不相同.如：
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起头看)
He looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)
类似的有break down vi.（车等）坏了 vt. 分解,分为 ;
go over vi. 走过去 vt. 复习,仔细查看等.
c．"动词+副词+介词"结构.如：
We should do away with that sort of thing.
类似的有：give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with.
d．"动词+名词+介词"结构.该结构是最多,最常见的多字动词.如：
We will take care of them.
类似的有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in.
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说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词.例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞.（sing在此用作不及物动词.）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲.（sing用作及物动词.）
4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好.（sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings.）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语.（to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词.
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）.