英语翻译In the case of sentences that map,the significant transformations of the icon are mostly substitution transformations,with the enormously important exception of the negation transformation.(Discussion of negation will be postponed to Chap

英语翻译In the case of sentences that map,the significant transformations of the icon are mostly substitution transformations,with the enormously important exception of the negation transformation.(Discussion of negation will be postponed to Chap
英语翻译
In the case of sentences that map,the significant transformations of the icon are mostly substitution transformations,with the enormously important exception of the negation transformation.(Discussion of negation will be postponed to Chapter 14.) A sentence admits of transformations that replace its most basic parts with parts having direct proper functions of the same type (this is an aspect of the invariance of the sentence form) yet that are different.The transformations are of this sort:replace the subject with "Theaetetus," replace the direct object with "fish," replace the verb with "eats," replace the predicate adjective with "red." I will later show how a phrase like "the man who lives next door'' or an indexical like "this" has,qua adapted to a context,the same sort of proper function that "Theaetetus" has.Namely,each is supposed to precipitate an act of identification of a given variant in the world.Hence the same basic sentence may be subject to such transformations as replace the subject with "Theaetetus," replace the subject with "the man who lives next door" (with appropriate context),and replace the subject with "this" (with appropriate context).Each of these transformations corresponds to a possible transformation of the world affair that is being mapped.Taking the articulation of a world affair,qua mapped by a sentence,to be determined by a group of possible transformations or operations upon it rather than as the way the affair is built out of prior parts and relations has two advantages for ontology.First,consider the regress that produces "Bradley's paradox":if world affairs consist of objects (e.g.,substances and properties) tied together by relations,then we must postulate further relations that tie these objects to these relations and then still further relations that tie the latter relations down,ad infinitum.(This regress,which led Bradley to deny the reality of relations,is the flip side of the problem discussed above concerning the failure of "Theaetetus flies" to correspond to how things are.) But if the mapping of language onto the world is as we have described it,this regress has no footing.World affairs are not torn apart into sets of objects by the mapping rules for intentional icons,hence do not have to be put together again.

英语翻译In the case of sentences that map,the significant transformations of the icon are mostly substitution transformations,with the enormously important exception of the negation transformation.(Discussion of negation will be postponed to Chap
在映射的句子情况下,象的重大变革是主要代替变革,有否定变革的极大地重要例外.(关于否定的讨论将被延期对第14章.) 句子用有的零件替换它的最基本的零件同一个类型的直接适当的作用是不同的承认变革(这是句子形式的不变性的方面).变革是这个排序：用“Theaetetus替换主题”,用“鱼替换直接反对”,替换动词用“吃”,用“红色替换谓语形容词”.我以后将显示词组怎么喜欢“居住隔壁"或一索引象“此”有的人,qua适应上下文,“Theaetetus”有的同一类适当的作用.即,其中每一在世界上应该沉淀一个特定变形的证明行动.因此同一个基本的句子也许是受这样变革支配象用“Theaetetus替换主题”,用“居住隔壁”的人替换主题(与适当的上下文),并且用“此”替换主题(与适当的上下文).这些变革中的每一对应于被映射世界形势的可能的变革.采取世界形势的清楚的发音,句子映射的qua,取决于一个小组可能的变革或操作在它而不是,当方式事理被建立出于预先的零件和联系有本体论的二好处.首先,考虑制造“布雷得里的矛盾”的退步：如果世界形势包括联系(即,物质和物产)一起栓的对象,则我们必须假设更远栓这些对象对这些联系然后联系束缚后者联系,无限制的进一步联系.(这退步,带领布雷得里否认联系的现实,是在有关“Theaetetus的失败之上被谈论的问题的反面飞行”对应于事怎样是.) 但是,如果映射在世界上的语言是,因为我们描述了它,这不退步有立足处.世界形势没有被撕开入套对象由故意象的映射的规则,因此不必须再被汇集

在判决案件的地图，图标的重大变革主要是替代转换，在极其重要的否定转换异常。 （否定的讨论将被推迟到第14章。）句子的转换，取代它的最基本的正确与有直接的同一类型的功能部件部分（这是一个句子的形式不变性方面），然而，这是不同的承认。的转变是本类别：更换的主题为“泰阿泰德篇”，取代以“鱼”，直接用对象代替动词“吃”，替换谓语形容词“红”。稍后我会说明如何像一句“男人谁住在隔壁的指向''或像”这“有，之...

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在判决案件的地图，图标的重大变革主要是替代转换，在极其重要的否定转换异常。 （否定的讨论将被推迟到第14章。）句子的转换，取代它的最基本的正确与有直接的同一类型的功能部件部分（这是一个句子的形式不变性方面），然而，这是不同的承认。的转变是本类别：更换的主题为“泰阿泰德篇”，取代以“鱼”，直接用对象代替动词“吃”，替换谓语形容词“红”。稍后我会说明如何像一句“男人谁住在隔壁的指向''或像”这“有，之四适应情况下，将适当的函数相同的那种”泰阿泰德篇“了。也就是说，应该是每一个沉淀的世界中的一个给定的变体识别的行为。因此，相同的基本句子可能会受到这种转换为更换为主体“泰阿泰德篇”，改为“谁住在隔壁的男人”的主题（在适当的上下文） ，而代之以“本”的主题（在适当的上下文）。这些转变每一个都对应一个世界的事情正在mapped.Taking一个世界事务的衔接，由一个句子对应之四，可能转化为确定由可能的转换或根据该行动组，而不是作为这一事件是建立事先部件和关系中有两个本体优势的手段首先，考虑回归产生“布莱德利的悖论”：。如果世界事务中的对象包括（例如，物质和属性）捆绑在一起的关系，那么我们必须假设关系，进一步把这些反对这些关系之后，还进一步关系的纽带关系，后者下跌，循环往复。（这倒退，导致布拉德利否认现实的关系，是问题的另一面上述有关“泰阿泰德篇苍蝇”的失败进行讨论，以对应于如此。）但是，如果世界上的语言映射，因为我们已经描述的那样，这个倒退没有地位。世界上的事情都没有破成的故意图标对象集的映射规则外，因此不须重新组装起来。

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