用英语或汉语总结一下段意,谢谢,急.Time SystemsTime systems are the hidden cultural rules that are used to arrange experiences in some meaningful way. There are three types of time systems: technical or scientific, formal, and informal

用英语或汉语总结一下段意,谢谢,急.Time SystemsTime systems are the hidden cultural rules that are used to arrange experiences in some meaningful way. There are three types of time systems: technical or scientific, formal, and informal
用英语或汉语总结一下段意,谢谢,急.
Time Systems
Time systems are the hidden cultural rules that are used to arrange experiences in some meaningful way. There are three types of time systems: technical or scientific, formal, and informal (Hall, 1959).
Technical time systems refer to the precise, scientific measurement of time in units such as light years or microseconds(微秒).
Formal time systems involve the cultural understanding of units of time. Time units can vary greatly from culture to culture. Time can be defined according to the revolution(运行) of the moon around the earth, the changing seasons, the rise and fall of the tides, or the movements of the sun. It can also be linked to significant events such as the birth of a royal son or an important victory in battle.
Informal time system refers to the implied cultural rules of how time should be used or experienced. How long should you wait for someone who will be ready soon, for example: a minute, a while, or some other period? When is the proper time to arrive for an 8:00 P. M. party or a 9:00 A. M. business appointment? As a dinner guest, how long after your arrival would you expect the meal to be served? Cultures form unstated expectations about the timing and duration of such events.
Perhaps the most important aspects of a culture’s informal time system are the degree to which it is monochronic or polychronic. (Hall, 1959)
A monochronic time system means that things should be done one at a time, and time is measured in precise, small units. In such a system, time is regarded as a commodity, something to be used, bought, wasted, saved or spent. People in cultures that view time in this way attach much importance to appointments and schedules, and view them as ironclad(不能改变的). For example, many European Americans carry a calendar book divided into hours, which tells them when, where and with whom to engage in activities. These events also have limits or boundaries, so that there is an expected beginning and ending point that has been scheduled in advance.
A polychronic time system means that several things are under way at the same time. People in cultures that observe time in polychronic fashion regard relationships as far more important than schedules. Appointments may be quickly broken, schedules readily set aside, and deadlines go unmet without guilt or apology when friends or family members require attention. In this sense, European Americans are often upset when they are kept waiting for a scheduled appointment, particularly when they discover that they are the third of three appointments that have been scheduled at exactly the same hour.

用英语或汉语总结一下段意,谢谢,急.Time SystemsTime systems are the hidden cultural rules that are used to arrange experiences in some meaningful way. There are three types of time systems: technical or scientific, formal, and informal
此文为总分结构.第一段总述：时间观念也是一种隐性的文化,不同的时间系统有不同的规则.剩下的几段都是举例分述几种不同文化里的时间系统和时间观念.

时间系统
时间系统所使用的隐藏的文化规则，安排在一些有意义的方式的经验。的时间系统有三种类型：技术或科学，正规，非正式的（霍尔，1959年）。
技术系统是指时间精确，科学的计量单位如光年或微秒（微秒）。
正式的时间系统，涉及的时间为单位的文化的理解。时间单位可以从文化到文化差异很大。时间可以定义根据月亮围绕地球的四季变化，上升和下降的潮汐，或太阳的运动的革命（运行）。它也可...

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时间系统
时间系统所使用的隐藏的文化规则，安排在一些有意义的方式的经验。的时间系统有三种类型：技术或科学，正规，非正式的（霍尔，1959年）。
技术系统是指时间精确，科学的计量单位如光年或微秒（微秒）。
正式的时间系统，涉及的时间为单位的文化的理解。时间单位可以从文化到文化差异很大。时间可以定义根据月亮围绕地球的四季变化，上升和下降的潮汐，或太阳的运动的革命（运行）。它也可以与重要的事件，如皇室的儿子出生或在战斗中的一个重要的胜利。
非正式制度，是指如何使用或有经验的时间应隐含的文化规则。你应该等待多久有人将准备很快，例如：一分钟后，一段时间，或其他一些时期？当在适当的时间到达晚上八点党或一个9:00上午商务约会呢？作为晚餐的客人，您的到来后，你会期望餐送达？文化对此类事件的时机和时间未说明的期望。
也许文化的非正式制度的最重要的方面是在何种程度上是monochronic或polychronic。 （霍尔，1959年）
一个monochronic时间系统的手段，应该做的事情，一次一个，时间是在精确的，小的单位测量。在这样一个系统，的时间视为一种商品，要使用的东西，买了，浪费，保存或花。文化背景的人认为在这样的时间的约会和日程安排十分重视，并查看他们铁定（不能改变的）。例如，欧洲许多美国人进行划分到小时的日历书，告诉他们何时，何地，并与他们从事的活动。这些事件也有限制或界线的，所以有一个预期的开始和结束点，已经提前预定。
一个polychronic时间系统意味着在同一时间，几件事情正在进行中。人们在文化的重要远远超过时间表，在polychronic时尚方面的关系，观察的时间。任命可能很快就会打破，时间表随时拨出，和期限未得到满足，没有朋友或家人时需要注意的有罪或道歉。从这个意义上说，欧洲的美国人往往心烦时，他们一直等待一个预约，尤其是当他们发现，他们是三个任命的三分之一，已预定完全相同小时。

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