英语中先行词怎样识别?

英语中先行词怎样识别?
英语中先行词怎样识别?

英语中先行词怎样识别?
定语从句所修饰的词,叫做先行词.因为定语从句放在其后,固有其名.
1． 先行词指物时,用关系代词that／which在从句中作主语或宾语.如：
He bought a coat that／which cost little．
他买了一件便宜上衣.（作主语）
The car which ／ that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one．
他昨天买的车是个二手货.（作宾语）
2． 先行词指人时,用关系代词that／who在从句中作主语或宾语（在口语中,代替whom）.如：
The man who ／ that gave a speech on TV is the president．
昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统.（作主语）
This is the strange man that／who／whom I met yesterday．
这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人.（作宾语）
3． whose在从句中作定语,既可指人,作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物,作“某（些）物的”解.如：
This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake．
这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘.
We live in a house whose windows open to the south．
我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里.
理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数.又如：
He is one of the students who work hard．
他是学习努力的学生之一.（who指先行词the students）
He is the only one of the students who goes abroad． 他是学生中唯一出国的.（who指先行词the only one）
二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况.
1． 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, few, much等不定代词时.如：
There is little that I can use．
几乎没有什么我能用的了.
2． 先行词被all, each, few, much, every, no, some, any等不定代词修饰时.如：
All the books that you need are here．
你所需要的书都在这儿.
3． 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时.如：
This is the first composition that he has written in English．
这是他用英语写的第一篇作文.
4． 先行词既有人又有物时.如：
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited．
他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校.
5． 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时.如：
Who is the man that is speaking over there?
在那里说话的人是谁?
6． 先行词被the only,the very, the last等修饰时.如：
This is the very gun that I am looking for．
这正是我在找的枪.
7． 关系代词在从句中作表语时.如：
He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago．
他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了. 关系副词where, when和why
同学们对定语从句已经有了初步的认识.我们已学了关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that的用法,这里就说说关系副词where, when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点.
一、 关系副词where引导的定语从句
1． 当先行词是表示地点的名词,如place, room, mountain, airport等,同时又在从句中作状语时,定语从句需要用关系副词where引导.例如：
The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable
prehistorical rock paintings by chance．
那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞,在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画.
在上述例句中,where代表in the cave,作地点状语.
2． 通常,引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式.例如：
The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where ／ in which they found those
gold bars．美国士兵冲进总统官邸,在那里他们发现了那些金条.
3．当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语,而是作主语、宾语或表语时,必须用关系代词that或which
引导定语从句,而不是用where.试比较：
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that ／ which） people all over the world look forward to visiting．
长江三峡是个美丽的地方,全世界的人都渴望来参观.
The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization．
长江是我们的母亲河,中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明.
在第一句的定语从句中,visiting是一个及物动词,必须带宾语,而关系副词where不能作宾语,所以只能用which或that引导,而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中,不缺主语、宾语、表语,所以用where作状语.
二、关系副词when引导的定语从句
1．当先行词是表示时间的名词,如time, day, year, month, week等,同时又在从句中作状语时,定
语从句需要用关系副词when引导.例如：
Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep．
伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代.
2．与where一样,引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式.例如：
All the Chinese, at home and abroad, will forever remember the date when ／ on which the Red Fivestar Flag was raised in Hong Kong．
海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子.
3．当先行词为the time, the moment, the day, the minute等时,关系副词when可以省略,也可以用that引导.例如：
The moment (that ／ when） I turned round, she had left and disappeared in the crowd．
当我转过身来时,她已经离开并消失在人群中了.
Do you still remember the day we got to know each other?
你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗?
这时的定语从句（省略了when或that）,实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了.
4．当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语,而是作主语、宾语或表语时,必须用关系代词that或which
引导定语从句,而不是用when.例如：
The film reminded me of those miserable days (that ／ which） I spent in my childhood．
这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子.
三、关系副词why引导的定语从句
1．当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时,定语从句需要用关系副词why引导,此时的定语从句说明先行
词的内容.例如：
Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine?
你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗?
2．我们也可以用for which来替代why.例如：
The reason why ／ for which you failed, I think, was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother’s advice．
我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告.
注意：在“the reason why sb． does sth． is that从句”的结构中,that不能换成because

读背

被修饰的词,,,

被修饰的词