非谓语性动词是怎么回事?怎么使用

非谓语性动词是怎么回事?怎么使用
非谓语性动词是怎么回事?怎么使用

非谓语性动词是怎么回事?怎么使用
非谓语动词
非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词.
动词不定式
1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done
完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done
进行式to be doing
2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成
分）.例如：
1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.
2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.
3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?
Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
I didn´t notice them come in.
注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, （其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.）
help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.
定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词,代词之后,如：Who was the first one to set
to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
6）状语： in order to
A．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.
to
注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中,so as to 不能位于句首.
B．原因状语： I’m glad to see you . 注：这种“be＋形容词＋不定式”结构,其不定式有时也可视为宾语,如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.
C．结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放.
△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”,如：He is too weak to do the work.
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意.如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问.
另外,too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意,
如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
△在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能…”,如：He is strong enough to do the work.
3．复合结构不定式（for sb. to do sth.）,可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语.for 本身无意义,sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语.例如：I think it necessary for him to go there at once.（复合结构不定式作宾语）
注：当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,不用for, 而用of,
如：It is kind of you to help me .（相当于You are kind to help me .）这类形容词有good, nice, kind, wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不礼貌）等.right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：It’s right/wrong for him to do the work alone.
4．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语.如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We don´t know when and where to go.（宾语）
5．动词不定式的否定式（not to do sth.）,语法功能同不定式肯定式.
6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：
1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作之后,或
没有时间限制.例如：
They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）
She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）
It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）
The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）
2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如：I´m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生.例如：
She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.
7．不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时,一般用不定式被动式,
例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be built there is very long.
注：关于不定式的主动式表被动义用法参见《动词时态、语态》一讲.
二、分词
1．分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种.过去分词只有一种形式,现在分词则有：
一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done
2．语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语.
3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：
1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念.例如：the moving film 动人的电影,the moved girl 受感动的姑娘,a running machine 一台转动的机器, a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车
注：关于心理状态动词的－ing形式表主动意,－ed形式表被动意.
2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作,过去分词往往表已经完成的动作.
例如：a developing country 发展中的国家,a developed country发达的国家
4．现在分词的基本用法：
一般主动式用法：
A．作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(＝The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(＝The girl who is writing a letter can…)
The factory making TV sets is very large.(＝The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)
B．作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.
C．作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后.
例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Don´t keep the students doing homework all day.
注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程,而不是正在进行中的动作,而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作.例如：I heard them singing in the room
when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing)
have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have＝let, 后者have 有时表“keep”意,有时表“employ（雇用）”意.如：
I’ll have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去.
I’ll have him working in my company.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作.
Don’t have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作.
D．作状语：
①时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life.
②原因状语：Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
2）完成主动式用法：
这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语用,不能作定语用.例如：
Having finished her homework, she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.
3）一般被动式用法：
表示正在发生的被动动作,在句中作定语或状语.
例如：The car being repaired is mine.(＝The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired, the car can’t be used.(＝As/Because it is being repaired, the car can´t be used.)
4）完成被动式用法：
表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作,在句中多作状语,不能作定语.
例如：Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress.
5．过去分词的基本用法：
1）作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2）作表语：The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom, the door was locked.
3）作宾补：You must have your hair cut.
4）作状语：Given more time ,we can do the work much better.
6．独立主格结构：
当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时,则是一种独立
主格结构形式,在句中作状语、定语等.例如：
The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(＝When the bell rang, we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(＝There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)
7．使用现在分词的几个注意点：
(1)作状语用的现在分词,其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事,例如：
Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.（正）
(Standing＝When we stood)
Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.（误）
Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（Having found
＝After/When they had found）
Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）
(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语.例如：
He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knocked down)
Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)
现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：
现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意,但其用法是有区别的：
作宾语时,现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作,过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态.例如：
Do you see the hospital there?
你看见了那边那个 医院吗?
The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲.（句中connected无时间性）
作原因状语,现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换.例如：
Being led(＝Led )by the Party, the Chinese people have won great victories.
作方式或伴随状语,不用现在分词被动式,而用过去分词.例如：
The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing.
作时间状语,若动作先于句子的谓语动作,且有具体过去时间,不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式.例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.
如果没有具体过去时间状语,可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式.例如：
Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at
last.
如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前,则宜用现在分词完成被动式,而不用过去分词.例如：
Not having been invited, she had to stay at home.
(5)在have, get之后宜用过去分词作宾补,不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补.例如：I’ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后,多用过去分词作宾补,少用现在分词被动式作宾补.例如
The speaker couldn’t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)
He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)
8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式
所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意,使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词.如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣.它们的-ing形式含主动意义,-ed形式含被动意义.皆可视为形容词.例如：surprising令人惊讶的,interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的,interested（因…）感到兴趣的.下面的句子可显示两者的区别：
The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.
She was much surprised at the surprising news.
已学的心理状态动词有：astonish, bore(使厌烦),delight, disappoint,
discourage, encourage, excite, frighten, interest, move(使感动),please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise, shock, tire（使疲劳）,trouble, upset（使不安）,worry
它们的-ing形式多和物连用,如：The news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）.
它们的-ed形式多和人连用,如：an excited girl,/I’m tired.
但是也有-ing形式和人连用,-ed形式和物连用的现象.如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖,an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩,a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情,She said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话.
三、动名词
形式同现在分词,有四种.
动名词的基本用法：
1）作主语：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /it isn’t necessary explaining to him. /It’s no use waiting here.
作表语：My hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.
作宾语：When he came in, we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing?/The boy isn’t worth teaching.
注 有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语.有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,有些动词后跟不定式.动名词作宾语含义不同.详见第6点.
作定语：This is her father´s walking stick.
动名词的复合结构：形式：his/him working there, Wang Dong’s/Wang Dong working
there
语法功能：
作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时,只能用sb’s的形式,此句中的Your不可改为You.）
作宾语：I don´t like his/him staying with us.
作表语：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改为him）
动名词的完成式：
动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作,或是与句中谓语同时发生.或在谓语之后发生的动作.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,则要用完成式.例如：
We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.
在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后,某些介词后,或某些习惯用语中,用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念.例如：
I remember him some money before.
He forgot me that. /After finishing his homework, he
went out for a walk.
动名词的被动式
如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者,这个动名词就要用被动式.
例如：The problem is far from being settled.
动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替,以免句子显得累赘.例如：
I still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.
动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较
作主语：
(1)多数情况两者可以互换.例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.
Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is
difficult.
(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为,或表示将来的行为,宜用不定式.例如：
It took him two hours to finish the work.
To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.
(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为,一般用动名词.例如：
Getting up early is a good habit.
作宾语：
有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可,意义也差不多,主要有：begin, start,
continue, love, prefer等.
有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse,
decide.
有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,已学过的这类词有：finish, imagine, insist on, enjoy, escape, consider, can´t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off（延迟）＝delay, suggest, feel like, look forward to, devote…to(doing),be worth.
(4)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别,主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on
A. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事＝forget having done sth.＝forget to have done sth.
B. remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事
C. regret to do sth. 遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事
D. stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的状语）
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
E. mean to do sth. 决意／打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味／表明做某事
F. try to do sth. 努力／设法去做某事
try doing sth. 试图／尝试用某一方法做某事
G. want/need/require to do sth. 要／想做某事
want/need/require dong. 需要／想要被…
H. go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on doing sth. 继续做相同的事

在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They bu...

全部展开

在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：
二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1．不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式：
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on m