国外学者对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的研究 英文的~国外学者,代表人物及主要观点~不要中文的~可是我要的是代表人物及主要观点！

国外学者对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的研究 英文的~国外学者,代表人物及主要观点~不要中文的~可是我要的是代表人物及主要观点！
国外学者对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的研究 英文的~
国外学者,代表人物及主要观点~不要中文的~
可是我要的是代表人物及主要观点！

国外学者对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的研究 英文的~国外学者,代表人物及主要观点~不要中文的~可是我要的是代表人物及主要观点！
One, two different diet idea
Contrast notice "flavour" Chinese food, western is a rational diet idea. Whatever food color, fragrance, taste, shape how, and nutritional must be guaranteed, pay attention to how many calories a day to absorb vitamin, protein, etc. Even if taste machine-made, also must continue to eat -- because nutritious. This diet idea with western whole philosophy system is adaptable to. Metaphysics is the main characteristics of western philosophy. Western philosophy has been the object of study for what reason, what reason is often metaphysical academic, metaphysical academic mutual coherent, then form the metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy to western culture with life and make in natural science, psychology and methodology realized by leaps and bounds development. But in other ways, this kind of his philosophy greatly up side effect, such as the diet culture. In the banquet on, can exquisite tableware, exquisite makings, pay attention to service, exquisite cuisine of raw material of form, color aspect collocation; But no matter how luxurious high-grade, from Los Angeles to New York, steak is only a kind of taste, without art at all. As dishes, chicken is chicken, beef steak is steak, in spite of collocation, it is also in pan, a dish "French sheep row", while puts the mashed potatoes, beside lean on lamb chops, the other side cooked beans, add with some slices tomatoes becomes. On colour contrast, but in taste on various materials on each other, mediate, each is different flavour, simple and clear.
Chinese people are very seriously "eat", "saying" the old adage that we eat to see more with the days just as important. Due to our national thousands of years in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so would have a unique eat to see everything diet culture, I think, this will probably be out of a survival needs it. If a cultural ate as the primary thing then will appear two phenomena: on the one hand may perceive this eat function to acme, not only survive, also use it to maintain a healthy, this also is the "diet cures more than the doctor" cultural basis; On the other hand, to eat excessively attention, can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.
In China, the cookery pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, that Chinese overseas to make a living, with open restaurant for a possession, and around the world has become our living fundamental! Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting food most fundamental nutrition value, many of our traditional foods are through hot Fried and long time slow cooked Tun to make the dish of nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. Therefore say to nutrition problems, actually gets to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk have a saying "saying, food to taste first". Is this kind of delicious pursuit, but we ignore the real meaning of dinner.
Chinese in tasting food, often can say this dish "yummy", that is "is not good;" However, if want to further ask what call "delicious", why "yummy", "yummy" where, I'm afraid it's not easy made myself clear. This shows that the Chinese to diet of pursuit is a kind of difficult to explain in words "mood", namely, use people say normally "color, aroma, taste and shape, implement" to the "state" materialize and I'm afraid is still difficult to cover it.
The Chinese diet is has its distinctive charm, the key lies in its flavour. And delicious produced, is mixed, want to make food BenWei, heating later ripe flavour, plus ingredients and accessories flavors and condiment harmonic of flavour, interweave fusion coordinated together, make the complement each other mutual infiltration and cozy, we are inseparable. Chinese cooking cultured harmonic beauty, is China culinary art the right place. Its shape and color is external things, and taste is the insides of, heavy internal and not decorate painstakingly appearance, the heavy food taste without getting too revealed dishes of shape and color, this is China's beautiful sex diet conception of the most important performance.
In China, the beautiful sex pursue apparently diet, the diet overwhelmed the rational view and the traditional philosophy thought is matched. As eastern philosophy representing Chinese philosophy, its remarkable characteristics is macro, intuitive, fuzzy and unpredictable. Chinese food is mixed the method of making paper, is ultimately to ding concocted a good taste. The cultured is discretion is overall coordination. It contains rich Chinese philosophy thought of dialectics, everything with food taste of beauty, humorous is moved for degrees, degrees of protean determines the Chinese dishes rich and abound change, decided the Chinese cuisine cooking characteristics and even every cook characteristics.
Second, the differences between Chinese and western diet object
Westerners believe that food is to appease hunger, so only eating of meat, the entire block chicken "hard food." While Chinese cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking, with makings also show great arbitrariness: many westerners as the outcast things in China are extremely good materials, foreign cook cannot handle things, to a Chinese chef hands, it can be changed decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in materials and randomness of the rich.
According to western plants scholars of investigation, the Chinese eat the plants of the 600 many more than six times, western. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are ordinary food, volunteers only in holidays or the life level is higher, did not enter the normal diet, so since ancient times will have "vegetable food" say, food food in the usual diet dominant. Chinese with plants as the main dish, and has thousands of buddhist the advocacy of silk ties. Wisp million They viewed the animals as "creatures", and plants, "no spirit", so, advocated vegetarianism.
Westerners about their country's food characteristic, feel more attention than China nutritional reasonable collocation, have relatively developed food industry, such as cans, fast food, although taste machine-made, but save time and good nutrition, so their country's human body is generally Chinese robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscles, But Chinese figure appears narrow thin, shoulder, color yellow qualitative short legs weakened. Someone according to the western diet object the obvious differences in this one characteristic, the Chinese call plants disposition, westerners called animal character.
Third, the different ways of diet
Chinese and western diet is very different ways, and the difference of national character may also be affected. In China, any banquets, whatever the purpose, will only have a kind of form that is what everyone round and round round, sharing a meal. Banquet with round, it from formally has created a unity, polite, altogether fun atmosphere. A table delicacies in the center, it is both a table people appreciate, tasting objects, again is a table of emotional communication medium. People drink a toast, mutual dishes for each other, persuaded dishes, the good things in front, manifests people between mutual respect, comity of virtue. Although from health perspective, means of this kind of food have obvious deficiency, but it meets our national "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting Chinese classical philosophy "and" this category in offspring thoughts influence, facilitate collective emotional communication, thus has difficult to reform.
Western-style food and wine catering, although very important, but actually it is as setoff. The party is the core of companionship, through and conversation between neighbour guest, achieve the purpose of companionship. If the party fellowship sex and dance similar than, then may say that, Chinese style banquets like ballroom dancing, and banquet is like men's and women's dancing. Therefore, Chinese style banquet and banquet companionship purpose are obvious, only Chinese style banquet is reflected morely feast, and fellowship western banquet guests between adjacent more embodies in the companionship. With the Chinese diet differences between them more visibly of popular western buffet. This method is: will all food -- displayed, everyone need, need not fixed in his seat, eat, ambulate freedom, this way facilitate emotional communication between individuals, need not be all words on the table, but also showed westerners to personality, self respect. But each eat each, each interferes missing some Chinese chat huan jihs emotional appeal.
So, in the final analysis or perceptual and rational differences. However, these differences seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese people with no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance, taste, and pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after SARS later. Also, people because more and more busy job, think Chinese food do up too much trouble, as to a hamburger and convenient. So in the diet differences were not too clear.

一共有2片 一是中外交往礼仪的七不同 二是中外礼仪差异及原因分析
希望对你有用吧 ~\(≥▽≤)/~啦啦啦
======================华丽丽的分割线=============================
中外交往礼仪的七不同
《礼记·曲礼上》说：“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”。由于文化背...

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一共有2片 一是中外交往礼仪的七不同 二是中外礼仪差异及原因分析
希望对你有用吧 ~\(≥▽≤)/~啦啦啦
======================华丽丽的分割线=============================
中外交往礼仪的七不同
《礼记·曲礼上》说：“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”。由于文化背景的不同，导致在具体礼仪上有很多截然不同的地方。具体来说有七个方面，必须首先有所了解，才能更便于交流、沟通和合作。
1、对待赞美
我们和西方人在对待赞美的态度上大不相同。别人赞美的时候，尽管内心十分喜悦，但表面上总是表现得不敢苟同，对别人的赞美予以礼貌的否定，以示谦虚：“还不行！”、“马马虎虎吧！”、“那能与你相比啊！”、“过奖了！”等。
而西方人对待赞美的态度可谓是“喜形于色”，总是用“Thank you”来应对别人的赞美。
2、待客和做客
我们和人相处的时候，总是习惯从自己的角度去为别人着想。这表现在待客和做客上，尽责的客人总是尽量不去麻烦主人，不让主人破费，因而对于主人的招待总是要礼貌地加
以谢绝。比如，主人问客人想喝点什么，客人一般会说“我不渴”或“不用麻烦了”；主人在餐桌上为客人斟酒，客人总要加以推辞，说“够了，够了”，而事实上，客人并不一定是不想喝，往往只是客气而已。所以，称职的主人不会直接问客人想要什么，而是主动揣摩客人的需求，并积极地给予满足。在餐桌上，殷勤好客的主人总是不停地给客人劝酒劝菜。所以，中国人的待客和做客场面往往气氛热烈：一方不停地劝，另一方则不停地推辞。
而外国人特别是西方人，无论是主人还是客人，大家都非常直率，无需客套。当客人上门了，主人会直截了当地问对方“想喝点什么”；如果客人想喝点什么，可以直接反问对方“你有什么饮料”，并选择一种自己喜欢的饮料；如果客人确实不想喝，客人会说“谢谢！我不想喝”。在餐桌上，主人会问客人还要不要再来点，如果客人说够了，主人一般不会再向客人劝吃请喝。
3、谦虚和自我肯定
我们一直视谦虚为美德。不论是对于自己的能力还是成绩，总是喜欢自谦。如果不这样可能会被指责为“不谦虚”、“狂妄自大”。比如，中国学者在作演讲前，通常会说：“我学问不深，准备也不充分，请各位多指教”；在宴会上，好客的主人面对满桌子的菜却说：“没有什么菜，请随便吃”；当上司委以重任，通常会谦虚地说：“我恐怕难以胜任。”
而外国人特别是西方人没有自谦的习惯。他们认为，一个人要得到别人的承认，首先必须自我肯定。所以，他们对于自己的能力和成绩总是实事求是地加以评价。宴请的时候，主人会详尽地向客人介绍所点菜的特色，并希望客人喜欢；而被上司委以重任的时候，他们会感谢上司，并表示自己肯定能干好。
4、劝告和建议
无论是中国人，还是西方人，都喜欢向自己的亲朋好友提一些友好的建议和劝告，以示关心和爱护。但中西方人在提劝告和建议的方式上却有很大区别。
中国人向朋友提建议和劝告的时候，往往都非常直接，常用“应该”、“不应该”，“要”、“不要”这些带有命令口气的词。比如，“天气很冷，要多穿点衣服，别感冒了！”、“路上很滑，走路要小心！”、“你要多注意身体！”、“你该刮胡子了！”、“你该去上班了！”等。
西方人在向亲朋好友提劝告和建议的时候，措词非常婉转，比如，“今天天气很冷，我要是你的话，我会加件毛衣”、“你最好还是把胡子刮了吧。”一般来说，双方关系越接近，说话的语气越直接。但即使是最亲密的人之间，也不会使用像我们那样的命令语气。否则，会被认为不够尊重自己独立的人格。
5、个人隐私权
西方人非常注重个人隐私权。在日常交谈中，大家一般不会涉及对方的“私人问题”。这些私人问题包括：年龄、婚姻状况、收入、工作、住所、经历、宗教信仰、选举等。同时，人们还特别注重个人的私人生活空间。别人房间里的壁橱、桌子、抽屉，以及桌子上的信件、文件和其他文稿都不应随便乱动、乱翻(如果需要借用别人物品，必须得到对方的许可)。假如别人在阅读或写作，也不能从背后去看对方阅读和写作的内容，即使对方只是在阅读报纸或杂志。
空间距离上也很在意。即使在公共场所，大家都十分自觉地为对方留出一定私人空间。比如，排队的时候他们总是习惯和别人保持1米以上的距离。
我们的个人隐私观念比较淡薄。特别是在亲朋好友之间，大家喜欢不分你我，共同分享对方的私人生活。另外，长者往往可以随意问及晚辈的私人生活，以显示关心。
6、时间安排
西方人大多时间观念很强，日程安排很紧凑。如果要拜会或是宴请西方人，一定要提前预约，预约时间通常在一周以上。如果你没有预约而突然拜访或是临时约请对方，对方一般会拒绝你。而且，对于工作时间和个人时间有严格的区分。如果是工作交往，应选择在对方的工作时间里进行；如果是私人交往，就要选择在对方下班的时间里进行。
另外，时间上，忌讳日期13和星期五。特别既是13号又是星期五的日子，往往不安排任何外出事宜。
而我们很多人的时间观念不是太强。没有预约的突然造访和临时约请都相当普遍，即使提前预约也往往在一周以内。
另外，职业人在时间分配上往往公私不分，下班以后谈公事或是上班时间谈私事都是寻常之事。
7、礼尚往来
西方人(除拉美人)不是很重视礼尚往来，尽管他们也常常在节日、生日和拜访时向亲朋好友赠送礼物。他们一般不看重礼品的价值(因而喜欢赠送一些小礼物)，认为向朋友赠送礼物不是为了满足朋友的某种需求，而只是为了表达感情。而中国人大多比较看重礼品的价值，礼品的价值一定程度上代表了送礼人的情意。
另外，在送礼的方式上，东西方也存在明显的差异。西方人在收到礼物的时候，一般要当着送礼人的面打开礼物包装，并对礼物表示赞赏。如果不当面打开礼物包装，送礼人会以为对方不喜欢他(她)送的礼物。
而我们大多不会当着送礼人的面打开礼物包装，除非送礼人要求对方这么做。这么做的目的是为了表示自己看重的是相互间的情谊，而不是物质利益，如果当着送礼人的面打开礼物包装，就有重利轻义的嫌疑。
======================华丽丽的分割线=============================
中外礼仪差异及原因分析
礼仪、是人与人之间交流的规则，是一种语言，也是一种工具。由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同，使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。中国是四大文明古国之一，中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。中国的礼仪，始于夏商周，盛于唐宋，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系。西方社会，是几大古代文明的继承者，曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。经过中世纪的黑暗，最终迎来了文艺复兴，并孕育了资本主义和现代文明，产生了现代科技和文化。中西方有着截然不同的礼仪文化。
随着我国改革开放的步伐日益加快，跨国交际日益增多，中西方礼仪文化的差异更是越发显露，这种差异带来的影响也是不容忽视，在中西礼仪没有得到完美融合之前，我们有必要了解这些礼仪的差异。
一、交际语言的差异
日常打招呼，中国人大多使用“吃了吗？” “上哪呢？”等等，这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可对西方人来说，这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬，甚至不快，因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”，感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方，日常打招呼他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分，说声“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。而英国人见面会说：“今天天气不错啊！”
称谓方面，在汉语里，一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。但在西方，“直呼其名”比在汉语里的范围要广得多。在西方，常用“先生”和“夫人”来称呼不知其名的陌生人，对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”，结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。在家庭成员之间，不分长幼尊卑，一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会被认为不懂礼貌。
中西语言中有多种不同的告别语。如在和病人告别时，中国人常说“多喝点开水”、“多穿点衣服”、“早点休息”之类的话，表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说“多喝水”之类的话，因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。比如他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早日康复”等等。
二、餐饮礼仪的差异
中国人有句话叫“民以食为天”，由此可见饮食在中国人心目中的地位，因此中国人将吃饭看作头等大事。中国菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全，甚至于超过了对营养的注重，只要好吃又要好看，营养反而显得不重要了。西方的饮食比较讲究营养的搭配和吸收，是一种科学的饮食观念。西方人多注重食物的营养而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何，他们的饮食多是为了生存和健康，似乎不讲究味的享受。
在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。
中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国，从古至今大多都以左为尊，在宴请客人时，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。另外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。
三、服饰礼仪的差异
西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装，内穿白衬衫，打领带。他们喜欢黑色，因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家，尤其是在美国，平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装，如T恤加牛仔服。
当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化，传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中，倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服饰。
礼仪是一种文化，是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。随着世界全球化不断加快步伐，经济、文化高速碰撞融合的大背景下，西方文化大量涌进中国，中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化的冲击。如何保护中华民族传统礼仪，并去其糟粕，与西方礼仪进行合理有效的融合，成为人们不断思考和探讨的话题。越来越多的人认识到中西礼仪文化必将会互相渗透，不断发展。
就拿餐饮方面举例。现在中国饮食市场上洋快餐和西餐占了很大的比重，越来越多的人开始尝试和接受这些外来食品。麦当劳几乎代表了一种文化时尚，成为美国文化在餐饮领域的标志。与此同时，法国的贵族文化，英国的绅士文化也随着饮食而涌入中国。随着中西饮食文化的交流，不仅带来了蛋糕、面包、鸡尾酒等西式菜点，也带来了西方一些先进的制作工艺和饮食方法。这些都为古老的中国饮食文化注入了新的活力 。当然我国悠久而灿烂的饮食文化在海外的影响也越来越大，几乎在世界各地都出现了大量的中国餐馆，中国菜日益受到各国人民的欢迎与喜爱。比如北京烤鸭俨然已经成为外国人心中的地道美味。
但是在中西礼仪文化的融合过程中，中国人未免盲目热衷于西方，不自觉中陷入两个误区：其一，是拿西方的礼仪取代我们中华民族的传统礼仪。礼仪是一个民族最具代表性的东西。比如在青年中，举行外国式婚礼、过西方节日等等，都是不容忽视的倾向。对西洋礼仪只是作为民俗知识了解一下无可厚非，如果趋之若骛，就失去了民族的自尊，本民族的传统礼仪也会被淹没。其二，是把礼仪教育的重点集中在操作层面，比如鞠躬要弯多少度，握手要停几秒钟等等。这些问题不是不可以讲，但如果只做表面文章，礼仪就成了空洞的形式主义。
不可否认，当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。这种现象的原因并不仅仅是西方的实力强大，深层的原因在于西方人价值观的统一，在于西方人对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。这一切与基督教的社会基础密切相关，因为礼仪是宗教的重要活动方式，由于对宗教的虔诚信仰，西方人从小就接受这种礼仪的教育与熏陶，使得礼仪能够自然地表现在人的行为之中。精神与物质、政治与文化的高度契合，使得人们获得高度的自信与优越感，正是西方人的自信与优越感赋予了西方文化强大的感染力，使其礼仪文化被视为世界标准。对照我们现在的中国社会状况，我们与西方的差距是明显的。
中西方礼仪文化的融合，在我们今日中国，更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪，或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪，不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式，更应当借鉴其内在灵魂，只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感，才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴，更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化，才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。
人无礼则不立，事无礼则不成，国无礼则不宁。一个礼仪缺乏的社会，往往是不成熟的社会。而一个礼仪标准不太统一甚至互相矛盾的社会，往往是一个不和谐的社会。礼仪，是整个社会文明的基础，是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。创建和谐社会，必须先从礼仪开始。中国今天面临前所未有的挑战，无论是物质，精神，文化各个方面，都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的价值观进行统一。而礼仪文化无疑是这种统一的“先行军”，只有认清中西礼仪文化的差异，将二者合理有效的融合，方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系，达到和谐社会的理想

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The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative behavior. Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and communication. Generally eaten se...

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The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative behavior. Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and communication. Generally eaten several meal drink wine, a few times, is an important measure of friendship. Table, apparently facilitate communication between the best way for the dinner, communicative dining culture.
Western restaurant, but also communication occasions of communication is one. A square table width but about one meter, opposite and guests. Conversation with eyes, sincere. Incidentally, the European people are staring eyes, never distracted. If the other side to side, the other side, or respond sideways while others are speaking with will be considered for people not respect. Square table is just to solve this problem.
找不到更多的了，你多等等吧，说不定别的网友有比我更好的答案，希望你满意吧。

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The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative behavior. Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and communication. Generally eaten se...

全部展开

The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative behavior. Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and communication. Generally eaten several meal drink wine, a few times, is an important measure of friendship. Table, apparently facilitate communication between the best way for the dinner, communicative dining culture.
Western restaurant, but also communication occasions of communication is one. A square table width but about one meter, opposite and guests. Conversation with eyes, sincere. Incidentally, the European people are staring eyes, never distracted. If the other side to side, the other side, or respond sideways while others are speaking with will be considered for people not respect. Square table is just to solve this problem.
找不到了，这些行吗？

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