亚里士多德英文简介

亚里士多德英文简介
亚里士多德英文简介

亚里士多德英文简介
Aristotle
(384-322 BCE)
Life and Works
..Logic
..Demonstration
..Four Causes
..Metaphysics
..Universals
..Knowledge
..Virtue
..Volition
..Friendship
..Politics
..Poetics
Bibliography
Internet Sources
Born at Stagira in northern Greece,Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy.When Plato died,Aristotle returned to his native Macedonia,where he is supposed to have participated in the education of Philip's son,Alexander (the Great).He came back to Athens with Alexander's approval in 335 and established his own school at the Lyceum,spending most of the rest of his life engaged there in research,teaching,and writing.His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught.Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole,they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects,from logic,philosophy,and ethics to physics,biology,psychology,politics,and rhetoric.Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote,returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development.The result is less a consistent system of thought than a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues.
The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises (known collectively as the Organon) was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality.Thus,the Categories proposes a scheme for the description of particular things in terms of their properties,states,and activities.On Interpretation,Prior Analytics,and Posterior Analytics examine the nature of deductive inference,outlining the system of syllogistic reasoning from true propositions that later came to be known as categorical logic.Though not strictly one of the logical works,the Physics contributes to the universal method by distinguishing among the four causes which may be used to explain everything,with special concern for why things are the way they are and the apparent role of chance in the operation of the world.In other treatises,Aristotle applied this method,with its characteristic emphasis on teleological explanation,to astronomical and biological explorations of the natural world
In Metafusikh (Metaphysics) Aristotle tried to justify the entire enterprise by grounding it all in an abstract study of being qua being.Although Aristotle rejected the Platonic theory of forms,he defended his own vision of ultimate reality,including the eternal existence of substance.On The Soul uses the notion of a hylomorphic composite to provide a detailed account of the functions exhibited by living things—vegetable,animal,and human—and explains the use of sensation and reason to achieve genuine knowledge.That Aristotle was interested in more than a strictly scientific exploration of human nature is evident from the discussion of literary art (particularly tragedy) in Peri PoihtikhV (Poetics) and the methods of persuasion in the ‘RhtoreiaV (Rhetoric).
Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the good life for human agents,including the Eqikh EudaimonhV (Eudemian Ethics) and the Magna Moralia,but the most complete surviving statement of his views on morality occurs in the Eqikh Nikomacoi (Nicomachean Ethics).There he considered the natural desire to achieve happiness,described the operation of human volition and moral deliberation,developed a theory of each virtue as the mean between vicious extremes,discussed the value of three kinds of friendship,and defended his conception of an ideal life of intellectual pursuit.
But on Aristotle's view,the lives of individual human beings are invariably linked together in a social context.In the Peri PoliV (Politics) he speculated about the origins of the state,described and assessed the relative merits of various types of government,and listed the obligations of the individual citizen.He may also have been the author of a model PoliteiaV Aqhnawn (Constitution of Athens),in which the abstract notion of constitutional government is applied to the concrete life of a particular society.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
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Aristotle was born in Stageira (Greek: ∑τάγειρα) in Chalcidice. His parents were Phaestis and Nicomachus, who became physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was educated as a member of th...

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Aristotle was born in Stageira (Greek: ∑τάγειρα) in Chalcidice. His parents were Phaestis and Nicomachus, who became physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was educated as a member of the aristocracy. At about the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. Aristotle remained at the Academy for nearly twenty years, not leaving until after Plato's death in 347 BC. He then traveled with Xenocrates to the court of Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor. While in Asia, Aristotle traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island. Aristotle married Hermias' daughter (or niece) Pythias. She bore him a daughter, whom they named Pythias. Soon after Hermias' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip of Macedon to become tutor to Alexander the Great.
After spending several years tutoring the young Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens. By 335 BC, he established his own school there, the Lyceum. Aristotle directed courses at the Lyceum for the next twelve years. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died. Aristotle soon became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira, who bore him a son whom he named after his father, Nicomachus.
It is during this time in Athens that Aristotle is thought to have composed many of his works. Although Aristotle wrote dialogues, only fragments of these have survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and, for the most part, were not meant for widespread publication. These are generally thought to be lecture notes or texts used by his students. Among the most important are Physics, Metaphysics (or Ontology), Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics. These works, although connected in many fundamental ways, differ significantly in both style and substance.
一、生平简介 亚里士多德（公元前384—322）是古希腊著名的科学家和哲学家。公元前384年诞生于爱琴海北岸的斯特基拉城。 亚里士多德是马其顿王室医师的儿子，从小对自然科学特别爱好，也很钻研。父亲经常教给他一些解剖和医学的知识，他有时也帮助父亲作一些外科手术。亚里士多德17岁那年前往雅典，成为古希腊著名哲学家柏拉图（前427—前347）的大弟子，从事学习和研究长达20年之久。他好学多问，才华横溢，成绩突出，柏拉图夸他是“学院之灵”。公元前343年，亚里士多德担任了年仅13岁的王子亚历山大的宫廷教师。公元前340年亚历山大摄政，亚里士多德回到家乡。公元前335年他重返雅典，创办了一所吕克昂学院，独树一个新的哲学学派。由于这个学派的老师和学生，常常在花园里散步的时候讨论问题，当时人们就称它为逍遥学派。
公元前323年夏天，亚历山大大帝从印度回师巴比伦的途中病故。从此，亚里士多德在政治上开始不得志。他决定离开雅典，离开吕克昂学院回到母亲的故地过隐居生活。公元前322年因病逝世，葬在卡尔基，终年62岁。
二、科学成就
1．亚里士多德是希腊古典文化的集大成者，恩格斯称他是最博学的人。他的著作是古代的百科全书，据说有四百到一千部，主要有《工具论》、《形而上学》、《物理学》、《伦理学》、《政治学》、《诗学》等。与物理学关系较多的有：《物理学》（8卷，有中译本，张竹明译，商务印书馆，北京，1982）、《天论》（4卷）、《起源与衰灭》（2卷）、《气象学》（4卷）。另有一本《力学问题》为后人伪作。
2．在物理学方面，亚里士多德最重要的贡献是创造了这门学科的名称，“物理”一词的现代拉丁文“Physica”，是他从希腊字φνσιζ（自然）一词推演而来的。此外，他对地球的大小作出了在当时条件下比较合理的估计。
3．亚里士多德运用科学的方法，对奇妙的生物世界进行了大量调查。他带领助手周游各地，搜集标本，分门别类，并且尽可能了解同动物和植物有关的各种知识。他是一位当之无愧的伟大生物学家。他一生最有价值的科学贡献，也正是在动物学和解剖学方面。他对五百多种不同的动植物进行了分类，解剖过几十种动物，正确地指出了鲸鱼是胎生的，描述了反刍动物的胃、鸡胎的发育、头足纲动物的再生现象等。
4．此外，亚里士多德还对虹、视觉、管长与乐音的关系等物理现象作过一些初步的观察和解释，他还从月食和星座的变迁推证了地球是圆形等。

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Aristotle was born in Stageira (Greek: ∑τάγειρα)in Chalcidice. His parents were Phaestis and Nicomachus, who became physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was educated as a member of the...

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Aristotle was born in Stageira (Greek: ∑τάγειρα)in Chalcidice. His parents were Phaestis and Nicomachus, who became physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was educated as a member of the aristocracy. At about the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. Aristotle remained at the Academy for nearly twenty years, not leaving until after Plato's death in 347 BC. He then traveled with Xenocrates to the court of Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor. While in Asia, Aristotle traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island. Aristotle married Hermias' daughter (or niece) Pythias. She bore him a daughter, whom they named after his wife, Pythias. Soon after Hermias' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip of Macedon to become tutor to Alexander the Great.
After spending several years tutoring the young Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens. By 335 BC, he established his own school there, the Lyceum. Aristotle directed courses at the Lyceum for the next twelve years. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died. Aristotle soon became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira, who bore him a son whom he named after his father, Nicomachus.
It is during this time in Athens that Aristotle is thought to have composed many of his works. Although Aristotle wrote dialogues, only fragments of these have survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and, for the most part, were not meant for widespread publication. These are generally thought to be lecture notes or texts used by his students. Among the most important are Physics, Metaphysics (or Ontology), Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics. These works, although connected in many fundamental ways, differ significantly in both style and substance.
Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them. In science, Aristotle studied anatomy, astronomy, economics, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics, and zoology. In philosophy, Aristotle wrote on aesthetics, ethics, government, metaphysics, politics, psychology, rhetoric and theology. He also dealt with education, foreign customs, literature and poetry. His combined works practically constitute an encyclopedia of Greek knowledge. It has been remarked that Aristotle was likely the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time.[1]
Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, anti-Macedonian feelings in Athens once again flared. Eurymedon the hierophant denounced Aristotle, claiming he did not hold the gods in honor. Aristotle fled the city to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, explaining, "I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy."[2] However, he died there of natural causes within the year. Aristotle left a will, which has been preserved, in which he asked to be buried next to his wife.

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Born at Stagira in northern Greece, Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy. When Plato died, Aris...

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Born at Stagira in northern Greece, Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy. When Plato died, Aristotle returned to his native Macedonia, where he is supposed to have participated in the education of Philip's son, Alexander (the Great). He came back to Athens with Alexander's approval in 335 and established his own school at the Lyceum, spending most of the rest of his life engaged there in research, teaching, and writing. His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught. Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development. The result is less a consistent system of thought than a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues.
The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises (known collectively as the Organon) was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality. Thus, the Categories proposes a scheme for the description of particular things in terms of their properties, states, and activities. On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, and Posterior Analytics examine the nature of deductive inference, outlining the system of syllogistic reasoning from true propositions that later came to be known as categorical logic. Though not strictly one of the logical works, the Physics contributes to the universal method by distinguishing among the four causes which may be used to explain everything, with special concern for why things are the way they are and the apparent role of chance in the operation of the world. In other treatises, Aristotle applied this method, with its characteristic emphasis on teleological explanation, to astronomical and biological explorations of the natural world
In Metafusikh (Metaphysics) Aristotle tried to justify the entire enterprise by grounding it all in an abstract study of being qua being. Although Aristotle rejected the Platonic theory of forms, he defended his own vision of ultimate reality, including the eternal existence of substance. On The Soul uses the notion of a hylomorphic composite to provide a detailed account of the functions exhibited by living things—vegetable, animal, and human—and explains the use of sensation and reason to achieve genuine knowledge. That Aristotle was interested in more than a strictly scientific exploration of human nature is evident from the discussion of literary art (particularly tragedy) in Peri PoihtikhV (Poetics) and the methods of persuasion in the ‘RhtoreiaV (Rhetoric).
Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the good life for human agents, including the Eqikh EudaimonhV (Eudemian Ethics) and the Magna Moralia, but the most complete surviving statement of his views on morality occurs in the Eqikh Nikomacoi (Nicomachean Ethics). There he considered the natural desire to achieve happiness, described the operation of human volition and moral deliberation, developed a theory of each virtue as the mean between vicious extremes, discussed the value of three kinds of friendship, and defended his conception of an ideal life of intellectual pursuit.
But on Aristotle's view, the lives of individual human beings are invariably linked together in a social context. In the Peri PoliV (Politics) he speculated about the origins of the state, described and assessed the relative merits of various types of government, and listed the obligations of the individual citizen. He may also have been the author of a model PoliteiaV Aqhnawn (Constitution of Athens), in which the abstract notion of constitutional government is applied to the concrete life of a particular society.

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pretty well both did!

The second mile private( 斯 ) is many virtuous( front 384- the first 322 years), the ancient 斯吉 tower of Greece pulls the person, is greatest philosopher, scientist and one of the educatorses in ancien...

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The second mile private( 斯 ) is many virtuous( front 384- the first 322 years), the ancient 斯吉 tower of Greece pulls the person, is greatest philosopher, scientist and one of the educatorses in ancient history in worlds.
The second mile private is many virtuous is a Platonic student, Alexander's teacher.335 B.C., he is doing Athens an is LYU3 KE4 ANG2's school, is be called free and unfettered school of thought.The mark thinks to once call the second mile private many virtuous is the most learned person in ancient philosophy in home of Greece, the boon space 斯 calls that he is ancient and Hegelian.
The second mile 斯 has another the virtuous teacher to accept the Plato, laying claim to the education is a national working talent, the school should be manage by the nation.He puts forward the thought that child's mind and body develops the stage first;Approve Athens strongly built physical stature, harmonize the education of the development, lay claim to the natural character, develop the habit and develop the reasonableness to see three headsprings of make the morals educations, but he opposes the woman education, laying claim to the " high-class" education, make the education service in leisure time.
Many virtuous whole life diligence of second mile private cures to learn, the academic research that be engaged in involves the logic to learn, the rhetoric, physics, biology, pedagogy, psychology, politics learn, economics, esthetics etc., wrote down a great deal of work, his work is an ancient encyclopedia, it is said 400-1,000, mainly have 《 the tool theory 》 , 《 metaphysics 》 , 《 physics 》 , 《 the ethics learn 》 , 《 the politics learn 》 , 《 the poem learn 》 etc..His thought brings about profound influence on mankind.He establishes the form logic to learn, abundant and developped the each branch course of the philosophy, made to science huge contribution.
Usually:
The second mile private is many virtuous was born in the 斯 tower 基 of the color thunder 斯 to pull, the father is Macedonia king to resist to cure.The second mile private of 366 B.C. much is virtuous to be send to the Plato learning center study of the Athens, henceforth 20 years, second mile private many virtuous has been live in the learning center, keep to teacher's Pla to die.After Plato die, incline to because of new mastermind mathematics within more sympathetic toward Platonism of the learning center, make second mile private many virtuous not bear, leave the Athens then.

After leaving the learning center, the second mile private is many virtuous is the invitation interview Asia minor that accepted to learn the friend 赫 rice 阿斯 in times before first.The 赫 rice 阿斯 is the thin second ruler of the 密 of the Asia minor littoral at that time.Second mile private many virtuous still married the niece of the 赫 rice 阿斯 as wife there.But in 344 B.C., the 赫 rice 阿斯 is murder in a riot, second in the private is many virtuous have to leave the Asia minor, arrived the rice to lift the benefit 尼 with family together.
3 after years, second mile private many virtuous again was invoked the meeting by king the 腓 dint river bank two a life times of Macedonia home town, become the year only the teacher of the 13- year old Alexandria at that time.Jot down according to a biographer of ancient Greece 普鲁 tower gram, the second mile private is many virtuous instilled morals, politics and the education of the philosophies to this future leader of worlds.We also have the reason to believe, the second mile private is many virtuous also made use of own influence, have the important function to the thought formation of the Alexandria.Exactly under secondly the mile many virtuous influence of private, the Alexandria concerns to science business very always, respecting to the knowledge very.But, the second mile private is many virtuous similar to the political standpoint of the Alexandria is not completely probably.The political view of the former is a building forthcoming say the foundation of the city nation of Greece of the 衰亡 ascend of, but the centralization empire that Alexandria afterwards build up to the Greek to just like the barbarian's invention.
Though own student is already expensive for the country king, the second mile private is many virtuous did not has been s