英语翻译Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions.Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of tra

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英语翻译Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions.Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of tra
英语翻译
Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions.Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms.Current research is focused on the mechanisms that regulate SMAD activity to evoke cell-type-specific and context-dependent transcriptional programmes.An equally important challenge is understanding the functional role of signal strength and duration.How are these quantitative aspects of the extracellular signal regulated?How are they then sensed and interpreted,and how do they affect responses?
就这段.是一片名为"TGF beta-SMAD signal transduction:molecular specificity and functional flexibility"的文献的摘要..请不要用在线翻译直接翻译.

英语翻译Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions.Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of tra
生长因子中TGF-β超家族的配体通过一种复杂的配体受体互作方式来转导信号.无论在胚胎还是成人组织中,信号都会传导至在细胞核中积累的具有转录活性的SMAD复合体,然后激发相对应的功能性回应.目前的研究工作聚焦在SMAD活性调节的机制,这种调节过程造成了细胞类型特异性的和依赖于具体环境的转录过程.另一个同样重要的挑战是弄清楚信号强度和持续时间在这些过程中的功能性作用,像如何调控胞外信号的这两个定量指标?它们又是如何被细胞感知和识别,以及影响细胞回应过程的?
翻译不难,楼主该补习外语了.

增长因子变换的成长因素beta (beta的TGF)总科的配合基通过配合基感受器官互作用的迷惑的复杂创始信号转导。然后发信号聚合对transcriptionally活跃SMAD复合体的核储积并且提升多血症在胚胎和成人有机体的具体功能反应。当前研究集中于调控SMAD活动召唤细胞类型具体和上下文依赖transcriptional节目的机制。一个同样重要的挑战了解信号强度和期间的功能角色。细胞外...

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对配体转化生长因子-β（转化生长因子测试版）的生长因子家族开始通过配体受体相互作用的复杂性令人困惑的信号转导。信号然后收敛的转录活性SMAD蛋白复合物的核积累和产生了对这两个胚胎和成年生物体的特定功能反应过多。目前的研究主要集中在SMAD蛋白调节机制的活动，唤起细胞类型和具体情况的依赖转录方案。一个同样重要的挑战是了解信号的强度和持续时间的职能作用。如何对这些细胞外调节信号数量方面？如何然后他们感...

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英语翻译The syntheses and characterization of 1–3,together withthe related platinum(II) complexes 4 and 5 bearing N^C^Nand N^N^N ligands are described in the Supporting Information.As revealed by both UV-visible absorption andNMR spectroscopy,t 英语翻译Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions.Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of tra 英语翻译For chromium,the early catalytic systems relyonligandssuch as pyrrolides and carboxylates,while the more recent onesare based on multidentate ligands displaying P,N,S,and O donors.The array of successful chromium catalysts based on multid 英语翻译For example,in hormone binding studies with radioactively labeled ligands,the measured amount bound will follow a Poisson distribution. 英语翻译请帮忙翻译这段文字,precursors in a high-temperature coordinating solution made of TOP/ Tapa mixed with additional amine terminated ligands,followed by overcoating the native core with a thick layer of ZnS (consisting of 5-7 monol 英语翻译Fast screening and structural elucidation of G-quadruplex ligands froma mixture via G-quadruplex recognition and NMR methods麻烦整句帮我翻译一下谢谢 Bidentate chiral phosphine ligands have received increasingattention because of their important role in the developmentof asymmetric catalytic applications of transition metal complexes.1 The substituents at the two phosphorus atoms play animportant Cyclopalladates of phosphorus ligands have emerged as importantcatalyst precursors for C–H transformations.1 The cyclopalladationof triphenyl phosphite was first reported in 1973,2 althoughpalladacycles derived from triaryl phosphites had attracted 英语翻译‘beyond the world’‘To the end of time .‘Where the rain won’t hurt } 英语翻译just because something is discount,don't give people the bottom of the line. 英语翻译My heart is still,don't waist the time to knock the door of it. 英语翻译source of the 英语翻译the shape of THE LOSS OF 英语翻译英语翻译The students don’t ______________________ because of too much homework. 英语翻译you can have a Mickey T-shirt as a sigh of Member in the camp 英语翻译I can't wait...to spend the rest of my life with youtoo simplesometime naive you can't pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty//英语翻译